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1.
Rev. chil. enferm. respir ; 37(1): 17-25, mar. 2021. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388129

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN: En Chile, el funcionamiento de las Centrales Termoeléctricas de Carbón (CTEC) representan un problema de salud pública debido a las consecuencias sanitarias que tienen en la población. Se han notificado daños en el sistema respiratorio. Materiales y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecológico, para evaluar los egresos hospitalarios de las personas que viven en las ciudades donde operan las CTEC (Tocopilla y Huasco), se comparó con una ciudad de control sin CTEC (Caldera), las comunas evaluadas tienen condiciones sociodemográficas similares. Se calcularon las tasas de morbilidad y tasas de morbilidad estandarizadas (SMR). RESULTADOS: La tasa de morbilidad por enfermedades respiratorias en Tocopilla (2016) fue de 152,5 por 10.000 habitantes (habs) y para Huasco es de 135,2 por 10.000 habs. En la ciudad control, Caldera, la tasa es de 40,9 por 10.000 habs. Además, los habitantes de Tocopilla tienen 2,42 más riesgo de padecer bronquitis o bronquiolitis, 90% más riesgo de presentar enfermedades crónicas de las vías respiratorias bajas y 2,14 veces más riesgo de enfermar por asma. En Huasco, la población tiene 2,49 veces más riesgo de padecer enfermedades de las vías respiratorias inferiores con respecto a la región y 3,19 veces más riesgo de presentar asma. CONCLUSIONES: El asma y la bronquitis, son las patologías que mostraron mayores riesgos en las ciudades de Tocopilla y Huasco. Nuestros hallazgos son similares a otras investigaciones realizadas en comunidades expuestas a centrales termoeléctricas de carbón. Es necesario tomar medidas urgentes para proteger la salud de la población.


INTRODUCTION: In Chile, coal-fired power plants (CTEC) operate represents public health problems due to the health consequences for the population. Damage to the respiratory system is reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ecological study to evaluate hospital discharges in people living in cities where CTEC operates (Tocopilla and Huasco) were compared to a control city without CTEC (Caldera), all of them with similar sociodemographic conditions. Morbidity rates and Standardized Morbidity Ratios (SMR) were calculated. RESULTS: The respiratory disease morbidity rate in Tocopilla (2016) was 152.5 per 10,000 inhabitants (habs) and for Huasco it is 135.2 per 10,000 inhabitants. In the control city, Caldera, the rate is 40.9 per 10,000 habs. In addition, the inhabitants of Tocopilla have a 2.42 times increased risk of bronchitis or bronchiolitis, 90% higher risk of chronic lower respiratory diseases and 2.14 times more risk of asthma sickness. In Huasco, the population is 2.49 times more at risk of lower respiratory diseases compared to the region and 3.19 times more at risk of asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma and bronchitis are the pathologies that showed the greatest risks in the cities of Tocopilla and Huasco. Our findings are similar to other research conducted in communities exposed to coal-fired power plants. Urgent action is needed to protect the health of the population.


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Adulto Jovem , Centrais Elétricas , Doenças Respiratórias/epidemiologia , Carbono , Poluentes Ambientais/efeitos adversos , Alta do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Doenças Respiratórias/etiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Risco , Distribuição por Idade , Estudos Ecológicos , Material Particulado/efeitos adversos
2.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 90(1): 102-114, 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-990892

RESUMO

Resumen: Las centrales termoeléctricas (CTE) a carbón representan un riesgo para la salud de las comunidades expuestas. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica nacional e internacional enfocada en los efectos en salud de niños y la exposición a emisiones al aire provenientes de CTE a carbón. Se inclu yeron 21 artículos para su revisión en texto completo, donde se midieron efectos en salud infantil relacionados a presencia de biomarcadores de exposición y efecto, daños perinatales, neuroconductuales y respiratorios principalmente. La exposición a emisiones de CTE a carbón en el embarazo se asoció a niños con bajo peso y muy bajo peso al nacer, menor talla, menor diámetro de Circunfe rencia del Cráneo (CC) y prematuridad; el diámetro de CC aumentó en recién nacidos después del cierre de CTE. Se encontraron menor coeficiente de desarrollo (CD) y coeficiente intelectual (CI) en niños expuestos a emisiones de CTE a carbón comparados con no expuestos; CD aumentó cuando la central fue cerrada. Por otro lado, vivir en zonas con fuentes de emisión de mercurio (asociadas a CTE y plantas de cemento que funcionan con carbón) se asoció con mayor riesgo de autismo. En salud respiratoria, los artículos fueron consistentes en reportar menor función pulmonar en niños residentes en zonas expuestas a fuentes de combustión de carbón comparados con grupos de niños no expuestos. Es muy necesario abrir el debate en Chile sobre los riesgos controlables a los que se enfrenta la población infantil a consecuencia de plantas generadoras de energía instaladas en Chile.


Abstract: Coal-fired power plants (CFPP) represent a health risk to the exposed communities. A review of national and international scientific literature was made focused on the health effects on children and exposure to air emissions from CFPP. Twenty-one articles were included for full-text review, where effects on child health mainly related to the biomarkers presence of exposure and effect, pe rinatal, neurobehavioral and respiratory damages were measured. Exposure to CFPP emissions in pregnancy was associated with low birth weight and very low birth weight, shorter height, smaller head circumference (HC) diameter, and prematurity; the HC diameter increased in newborns after the CFPP closure. Lower coefficient of development (CD) and intelligence quotient (IQ) were found in children exposed to CFPP emissions compared with unexposed ones; CD increased when the plant was closed. On the other hand, living in areas with mercury emission sources (associated with CFPP and cement plants that work with coal) was associated with an increased risk of autism. In respira tory health, the articles were consistent with reporting lower pulmonary function in children living in areas exposed to coal combustion sources compared with groups of unexposed children. There is a great need to open the debate in Chile on the controllable risks faced by the child population as a result of power generation plants located in Chile.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Centrais Elétricas , Saúde da Criança , Carvão Mineral , Poluentes Atmosféricos/efeitos adversos , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Chile , Saúde Global
3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 146(2): 223-231, feb. 2018. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-961381

RESUMO

Background: Nitrate exposure may be associated with thyroid gland dysfunction. Aim: To review the available evidence about the relationship between nitrates in drinking water and thyroid gland dysfunction. Material and Methods: A wide search was performed using Medline, Cochrane, Lilacs, IBECS and Scielo databases using pertinent keywords, finding a total of 66 related studies. After filtering and in depth reviewing, a total of 12 studies were included in this review. Results: The main results reveal the importance of this ion for human health, finding evidence both in animals and human beings that suggest pathological changes in the gland as its relationship with the occurrence of subclinical hypothyroidism, and potentially cancer of the thyroid gland. In Chile, nitrate is not considered a critical contaminant so its regular measuring and control is not enforced. Conclusions: In light of the present review we believe that there is evidence to consider nitrate as a critical contaminant whose measurement, registration and correct implementation of valid policies would have a direct benefit for the population of this country. Without this information, it is not possible to quantify the damage to human health, especially in vulnerable groups residing in areas at greatest risk of exposure.


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos dos fármacos , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Água Potável/química , Nitratos/toxicidade , Ratos , Glândula Tireoide/fisiopatologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Chile , Medição de Risco , Nitratos/análise
4.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 29(1): 26-31, feb. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-627211

RESUMO

Background: Foodborne disease outbreaks are one of the main health problems all over the world, which have an extensive impact on human health. Objetive: To analyze the foodborne disease outbreaks occurred in Chilean urban area from 2005 to 2010. Methods: We made a descriptive epidemiologic study. First, criteria were defined and classified according to previous epidemiologic investigations, clinical and environment samples, then. Variables of space, time, place and person were also analyzed. Results: Among 2,806 reported outbreaks, 2434 (86.7%) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Incidence rate of the period (2005-2010) were 32 cases per 100 inhabitants. A total of 12,196 people were affected, with an average of 5 patients per outbreak. The households (36.2%), restaurants (16.3%), supermarkets (6.3%) free fair (4.4%) have been the most important outbreak areas. The foods involved were seafood (15.4%), fish (15.1%), and fast food (13.5%). The etiologic agents were Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Conclusions: Outbreaks foodborne diseases are frequents in the Chilean urban area, which make vulnerable a lot of people. The largest numbers happened in the households and were due to bad handling and/or inappropriate storage of the foods.


Antecedentes: Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos (ETA) constituyen en el ámbito mundial, uno de los problemas sanitarios más comunes y de mayor impacto sobre la salud de las personas. Objetivo: Analizar los brotes de ETA notificados en la Región Metropolitana (RM) de Chile entre enero 2005 y junio 2010. Material y Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo de base de datos de brotes de ETA que se clasificaron de acuerdo a encuesta epidemiológica y muestra clínica o ambiental. Se analizaron variables de espacio, tiempo, lugar y persona. Resultados: De los 2.806 brotes notificados, 2.434 (86,7%) cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Un total de 12.196 personas fueron afectadas, con un promedio de 5 enfermos por brote. La tasa de incidencia del período 2005-2010 fue 32 casos por 100 habitantes Los ámbitos de mayor brote fueron los hogares (36,2%), restaurantes (16,3%), supermercados (6,3%), ferias libres (4,4%). Los alimentos involucrados fueron mariscos (15,4%), pescados (15,1%), platos rápidos (13,5%). Los principales agentes etiológicos investigados fueron Salmonella spp, Shigella spp y Vibrio parahemolyticus. Conclusiones: Los brotes de ETA son muy frecuentes en la RM, comprometiendo un gran número de personas. La mayoría se produjeron en los hogares y fueron provocados por mala manipulación y/o conservación de los alimentos.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Notificação de Doenças , Surtos de Doenças , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos/epidemiologia , Chile , Incidência , Fatores de Risco , População Urbana
5.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 138(12): 1510-1516, dic. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-583047

RESUMO

Background: Semen analysis is one of the parameters used to predict male fertility. Semen can be altered by environmental pollutants; therefore it could be used as a biological marker of exposure in contaminated areas. Aim: To analyze the spermogram values in a sample of healthy young males, residing in Arica, Chile. Material and methods: One hundred and two healthy university students volunteers aged 18 to 30 years answered a questionnaire about fertility, habits and andrologic diseases and provided a semen sample. Within three hours after ejaculation, semen volume, pH, sperm concentration, motility and morphology were analyzed. Results: Six percent of volunteers had offspring, 1 percent declared to be infertile, 32 percent smoked and 78 percent con-sumed alcohol. Semen pH was 7.6 ± 0.5, volume, 2.9 ± 1.6 ml, sperm concentration, 62.8 ± 62.3 x 10(6)/ml, normal morphology, 15.0 ± 7.9 percent, overall motility, 42.2 ± 23.2 percent and grade A motility, 19.2 ± 18.6 percent. The percentage of subjects that had normal semen values was 82 percent for total sperm count, 76 percent for sperm concentration, 72 percent for volume, 64 percent for vitality, 63 percent for pH, 57 percent for morphology, 38 percent for overall motility and 26 percent for grade A motility. Conclusions: This sample of healthy young males had a normal sperm count in comparison with international reports. However it is necessary to characterize the spermogram in uncontaminated areas of Chile to ensure that our results are within the expected values for the country.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Fertilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise do Sêmen , Sêmen/efeitos dos fármacos , Biomarcadores/análise , Boro/toxicidade , Chile , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sêmen/fisiologia , Contagem de Espermatozoides , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/fisiologia
6.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 27(4): 329-335, ago. 2010. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-567549

RESUMO

La hidatidosis humana en Chile se describe a partir de fuentes de información secundarias (bases de datos de enfermedades de notificación obligatoria y egresos hospitalarios) entre los años 2001 y 2005. Para valorar la magnitud de la infección en humanos se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y egresos hospitalarios en el período y según región geográfica. La incidencia promedio del período según notificaciones fue de 2,2 por 100.000 habitantes, con mayores tasas en las regiones de Coquimbo, La Araucanía y Magallanes. La tasa promedio del período según egresos fue de 6 por 100.000 habitantes siendo La Araucanía, Aysén y Magallanes las más afectadas. El 58,8 por ciento de casos notificados fueron por Echinococcus granulosus, mientras que 43,6 por ciento se registraron como equinococosis no especificada. El sistema notificación obligatoria da una estimación real de la magnitud de esta enfermedad, al reportar casos con confirmación diagnóstica. Las tasas obtenidas de los egresos sobreestiman la magnitud. Se recomienda concentrar los esfuerzos en el sistema de notificación y en potenciar estudios de seroprevalencia.


Human hydatidosis in Chile is described using as a source of information the Disease Notification Systems and hospital discharges between 2001 and 2005. To assess the extent of human infection we calculated incidence rates and hospital discharges during this period by geographical region. Incidence rate for the period was 2.2 per 100,000 inhabitants with higher rates in the regions of Coquimbo, La Araucanía and Magallanes. The hospital discharge rate for the period was 6 per 100.000 inhabitants, being the most affected regions: La Araucanía, Aysén and Magallanes. 58.8 percent of cases reported are from Echinococcus granulosus, while 43.6 percent were registered as unspecified echinococcosis. The notification system provides a real estimate of the magnitude of this disease, reporting cases with diagnostic confirmation. The rates obtained from the discharge system overestimate the magnitude of this disease. The improvement of the notification system and seroprevalence studies are recommended.


Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Equinococose/epidemiologia , Chile/epidemiologia , Notificação de Doenças , Incidência , Alta do Paciente , Adulto Jovem
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